I'm going to add to Sam Ruby's amusement and throw in my attempt to explicate some of Roy Fielding's recent discussion of what makes an API RESTful. If you've not read the post and all the comments then I encourage you to do so: there's some great tidbits in there that have certainly given me pause for thought.
The following attempts to illustrate my understanding of REST. Perhaps bizarrely, I've chosen to focus more on the client than on the design of the server, e.g. what resources it exposes, etc. This is because I don't think enough focus has been placed on the client, particularly when it comes to the hypermedia constraint. And I think that often, when we focus on how to design an "API", we're glossing over some important aspects of the REST architecture which includes after all, other types of actors, including both clients and intermediaries.
I've also deliberately chosen not to draw much on existing specifications, again its too easy to muddy the waters with irrelevant details.
Anyway, I'm well prepared to stand corrected on any or all of the below. Will be interested to hear if anyone has any comments.
Lets imagine there are two mime types.
The first is called application/x-wiki-description. It define a JSON format that describes the basic structure of a Wiki website. The format includes a mixture of simple data items, URIs and URI templates that collectively describe:
- the name of the wiki
- the email address of the administrator
- a link to the Recent Changes resource
- a link to the Main page
- a link to the license statement
- a link to the search page (as a URI template, that may include a search term)
- a link to parameterized RSS feed (as a URI template that may include a date)
Another mime type is application/x-wiki-page-versions. This is another JSON based format that describes the version history of a wiki page. The format is an ordered collection of links. Each resource in that list is a prior version of the wiki page; the most recent page is first in the list.
Spam-E is a little web robot that has been programmed with the smarts to understand several mime types:
application/x-wiki-descriptionapplication/x-wiki-page-versions- RSS and Atom
- XHTML
Spam-E also understands a profile of XHTML that defines two elements: one that points to a resource capable of serving wiki descriptions, another that points to a resource that can return wiki page version descriptions..
Spam-E has internal logic that has been designed to detect SPAM in XHTML pages. It also has a fully functioning HTTP client. And it also has been programmed with logic appropriate to processing those specific media types.
Initially, when starting Spam-E does nothing. It waits to receive a link, e.g. via a simple user interface. Its in a steady state waiting for input.
Spam-E then receives a link. The robot immediates dereferences the link. It does so by submitting a GET request to the URL, and includes an Accept header:
Accept: x-wiki/description;q=1.0, x-wiki/page-versions;q=0.9, application/xhtml+xml;q=0.8, application/atom+xml;q=0.5, application/rss+xml;q=0.4
This clearly states Spam-E's preference to receive specific mime-types.
In this instance is receives an XHTML document in return. Not ideal, but Spam-E knows how to handle it. After parsing it, it turns out that this is not a specific profile of XHTML that Spam-E understands, so it simply extract all the anchor elements from the file and uses it to widen its search for wiki spam. Another way to say this is that Spam-E has changed its status to one of searching. This state transition has been triggered by following a link, receiving and processing a specific mimetype. This is "hypermedia as the engine of application state" in action.
Spam-E performs this deference-parse-traverse operation several times before finding an XHTML document that conforms to the profile it understands. The document contains a link to a resource that should be capable of serving a wiki description representation.
Spam-E is now in discovery mode. Spam-E uses an Accept header of application/x-wiki-description when following the link and is returned a matching representation. Spam-E parses the JSON and now has additional information at its disposal: it knows how to search the wiki, how to find the RSS feed, how to contact the wiki administrator, etc.
Spam-E now enters Spam Detection mode. It requests, with a suitable Accept header, the recent changes resource, stating a preference for Atom documents. It instead gets an RSS feed, but thats fine because Spam-E still knows how to process that. For each entry in the feed, Spam-E requests the wiki page, using an Accept header of application/xhtml+xml.
Spam-E now tries to find if there is spam on the page by applying its local spam detection logic. In this instance Spam-E discovers some spam on the page. It checks the XHTML document it was returned and discovers that it conforms to a known profile and that embedded in a link element is a reference to the "versions" resource. Spam-E dereferences this link using an Accept header of application/x-wiki-page-versions.
Spam-E, who is now in Spam Cleaning mode, fetches each version in turn and performs spam detection on it. If spam is found, then Spam-E performs a DELETE request on the URI. This will remove that version of the wiki page from the wiki. Someone browsing the original URI of the page will now see an earlier, spam free version.
Once it has finished its cycle of spam detection and cleaning, Spam-E reverts to search mode until it runs out of new URIs.
There are several important points to underline here:
Firstly, at no point did the authors of Spam-E have to have any prior knowledge about the URL structure of any site that the robot might visit. All that Spam-E was programmed with was logic relating to some defined media types (or extension points of a media type in the case of the XHTML profiles) and the basic semantics of HTTP.
Secondly, no one had to publish any service description documents, or define any API end points. No one had to define what operations could be carried out on specific resources, or what response codes would be returned. All information was found by traversing links and by following the semantics of HTTP.
Thirdly, the Spam-E application basically went through a series of state transitions triggered by what media types it received when requesting certain URIs. The application is basically a simple state machine.
Anyway, hopefully that is a useful example. Again, I'm very happy to take feedback. Comments are disabled on this blog, but feel free to drop me a mail (see the Feedback link).
English
API, HTTP, little web robot, media types, Roy Fielding, Sam Ruby, search page, search term, XML
